Regional Economic Advantages
1. The continued potential nearshoring presents:
In early 2018, prior to the implementation of Trump's tariffs, China held a significant share of 22% in US imports. However, by February 2024, this share has dwindled to approximately 14%, a significant decline of 8 percentage points. Meanwhile, Mexico has seen its share rise to 15.2% from 13.2%, overtaking China as the US’ main source of goods imports. Looking ahead, sustained geopolitical tensions, especially in the event of Trump's reelection, could exacerbate China's loss of share, potentially enabling Mexico to capitalize further. However, competition remains intense, as other nations—especially those neighboring China, such as Vietnam—have also witnessed a surge due to China's reduced influence.
Yet, even beyond geopolitical dynamics, logistical challenges continue to weigh heavily on American manufacturers. Survey results from the National Association of Manufacturers in the US reveal that concerns related to logistics (see pink bars below) rank among the primary issues for the sector. This contrasts sharply with the situation prior to Trump's election in 2016, where such concerns were absent. Again, Mexico can position itself as answer to these challenges due to its geographical proximity to the US and access to its market through the USMCA trade agreement.
Surveys from the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), 2016 vs 2023
2. Access to cheap energy from the US:
For the past decade, Mexico has consistently consumed more energy than it produces, despite a significant energy reform in 2013. This deficit stems from aging infrastructure, insufficient investment, and an unpredictable energy policy, which could potentially hinder the country's ability to fully benefit from nearshoring opportunities.
However, Mexico benefits from a network of natural gas pipelines connecting it to the United States, ensuring a reliable and cost-effective energy source. In June 2023, natural gas imports from the US reached record highs. Natural gas now constitutes approximately 40% of Mexico's energy mix. This trend is expected to continue, given that real gas prices in the US are currently hovering around decade lows. Therefore, despite challenges in Mexico's energy sector, they are not likely to significantly hinder nearshoring efforts in the country.
Total energy supply by source in Mexico (Terajoules)
3. Shifting demographics
As Mexico and China have evolved from low-income to middle-income countries, their demographic landscapes have undergone significant transformations. Both nations have experienced continuous declines in fertility rates since the 1960s. However, China, having implemented its former one-child policy, has progressed further in this demographic transition, with a fertility rate of 1.1 births per woman (as of 2021), leading to a population decline. In contrast, Mexico's fertility rate stands at 1.8 births per woman.
This disparity in demographics is reflected in the comparison of wages between the two countries. Since 2015, wages in Mexico's manufacturing sector have been consistently lower, enhancing Mexico's competitiveness in labor costs. This advantage is further bolstered by Mexico's lower transportation costs, its reliable access to the US market through the USMCA trade agreement, and its role as an ally of the US. All these factors should help Mexico become a competitive candidate to attract FDI flows not only from American companies, but also Chinese companies looking to bypass tariffs imposed by the US.
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